Impact by country
Estonia
- €318m
- 10-year exposure, Medium scenario
- €209m
- One-off migration cost, Medium
- €9.1m/yr
- Recurring price effect, Medium
Cost per person in the working-age labour force
Per economically active person (age 20–64), 10-year horizon
| Measure | Narrow | Medium | Broad |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-year total economic exposure | €138 | €461 | €968 |
| Effect on the real GDP level | -€13 | -€52 | -€117 |
Annual recurring cloud-service price effects
€ million, 2025 expenditure base
Sector
| Scenario | Per year | 5 years | 10 years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narrow | €1.3m | €6.6m | €13m |
| Medium | €1.6m | €8.1m | €16m |
| Broad | €1.8m | €8.8m | €18m |
| Scenario | Per year | 5 years | 10 years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narrow | €2.4m | €12m | €24m |
| Medium | €7.4m | €37m | €74m |
| Broad | €16m | €81m | €163m |
| Scenario | Per year | 5 years | 10 years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narrow | €3.8m | €19m | €38m |
| Medium | €9.1m | €45m | €91m |
| Broad | €18m | €90m | €180m |
Migration and systems-redesign costs
Present value of one-off transition costs, € billion
Sector
Ordinary public support
€ million, public sector
Transition scarcity costs
Present value, € million, public and private sectors combined
Downstream ICT-vendor exposure
Domestic vendors affected, and annual value added at risk
- —
- Narrow – vendor equivalents affected
- 1
- Medium – vendor equivalents affected
- 3
- Broad – vendor equivalents affected
- €5.9m
- Narrow – annual value added at risk
- €23m
- Medium – annual value added at risk
- €54m
- Broad – annual value added at risk
Combined delayed cloud and AI benefits
€ billion, forgone productivity gains